cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
Topic 5 DQ 1
Choose a medical condition from the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system and explain the pathophysiology changes that may occur. What patient education would need to be included related to this disorder? Make sure that you select a different medical condition than your peers. Include the name of the medical condition in the subject line so that the medical condition can be followed. Include your references in APA style.
Sample student response 1
Heart Failure
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Heart failure is a cardiovascular condition that occurs when the blood fails to pump blood properly as it should. The disease occurs when the cardiac function has decompensated progressively. It can be caused by vulvar dysfunction, chronic tachycardia, or cardiomyopathies. A myocardiocyte heart muscle cell has vital components, such as calcium channels, myofibrils, and β-adrenergic receptors (Schwinger, 2021). These components control the contraction of cardiac muscles. Therefore, to prevent too much or lesser stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors, one should have enough calcium in their body.
People with heart failure have less or too much calcium in their bodies, a condition that can overstimulate or understimulate β-adrenergic receptors, leading to poor cardiac function (Schwinger, 2021). People with calcium problems often have increased heart rate instead of proper cardiac function. Symptoms of heart failure include shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, chest pain, and rapid, irregular heartbeat. The disease is caused by heart attack and coronary heart disease.
Patient Education
A patient with heart failure should be educated to avoid alcohol. Too much alcohol in the body can weaken one’s heart muscles, and this can lead to heart failure. The patient should be educated to avoid using tobacco or smoking. If the patient is smoking tobacco, he or she should be advised to quit (Aune et al., 2018). Tobacco interferes with heart muscles, and this can cause heart failure.
The patient should also engage in exercise to stay active. Physical exercise increase improves cardiac function and thus reduces one’s risk of suffering heart failure. The patient should also be educated to maintain a healthy weight (Aune et al., 2018). Obesity can improve one’s risk of heart failure. Therefore, the patient should engage in activities that improve cardiac functioning.
References
Aune, D., Schlesinger, S., Neuenschwander, M., Feng, T., Janszky, I., Norat, T., & Riboli, E. (2018). Diabetes mellitus, blood glucose and the risk of heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 28(11), 1081-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.07.005
Schwinger R. (2021). Pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy, 11(1), 263–276. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-20-302
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Sample student response 2
Acute Pericarditis
According to McCance et al, (2018) acute pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium. It is caused by either a viral infection or idiopathic. Once the cardiac membrane gets infected, it will develop pericardial constriction, cardiac tamponade, and recurrent pericarditis. Symptoms start with fever and sudden onset of chest pain with respiratory movements. Patients may complain of the pain radiating to the back.
Most patients will be educated to see doctors if they have fever and pain, anxiety, malaise, dysphagia, irritability, restlessness, and weakness. The physical examination will show the friction rub heard at the cardia apex and left sternal border. The sound is not always present. The sound means the pericardial membranes rubbing against each other. To diagnosis acute pericarditis requires at least two of the four criteria: pericardial rub, ECG changes, chest pain of pericarditis, and worsening pericardial effusion (McCance et al., 2018).
According to Lazaros et al., (2020) sex has no significant relationship with recurrent pericarditis risk. For the patients who are older than 60 years old who have a lower risk of recurrent pericarditis.
References
Lazaros, G., Antonopoulos, A. S., Lazarou, E., Vlachopoulos, C., Vogiatzi, G., Vassilopoulos, D., & Tousoulis, D. (2020). Age‐ and sex‐based differences in patients with acute pericarditis. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 51(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13392
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., & Rote, N. S. (2018). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby.
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Topic 5 DQ 2
Select a medication used in evidence-based treatment guidelines for the condition chosen in the first discussion question. Share the mechanism of action of this medication and hints for monitoring, side effects, and drug interactions of which one should be aware. Make sure that you select a different medication than your peers. Include the name of the medication in the subject line so that the medications can be followed. Include your references in APA style.
Sample student response 1
Furosemide
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat a wide range of conditions including congestive heart failure. The drug acts by blocking tubular reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Doing so causes more of the three elements to be retained in the urine thus increasing urine excretion along with the different ions.
Furosemide has a vasodilatory effect that inhibits the responsiveness of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II and noradrenaline and decreases the production of endogenous natriuretic hormones with vasoconstricting properties (Prandota, 2002). This is what makes the drug have the desired therapeutic effect.
The drug is a potent diuretic, which can predispose the patient to excessive loss of water and electrolytes, resulting in dehydration with electrolyte depletion. It is also crucial to monitor serum sodium levels, especially in patients above 65 years of age since it is associated with an increased risk of hyponatremia among the elderly (Khan et al., 2021). Close monitoring should also be conducted among patients with underlying liver disease or advanced renal impairment.
Some of the common side effects associated with the drug include nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, vertigo, constipation, and blurred vision. Some of the possible drug interactions with furosemide include the following; aminoglycoside antibiotics, aspirin, NSAIDs lithium, other antihypertensive drugs, cyclosporine, laxatives, and steroids. When taking Furosemide, one should avoid taking alcohol since it increases the risk of orthostatic hypotension (Narkiewicz et al., 2000).
References
Khan, T. M., Patel, R., & Siddiqui, A. H. (2021). Furosemide. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Narkiewicz, K., Cooley, R. L., & Somers, V. K. (2000). Alcohol potentiates orthostatic hypotension: implications for alcohol-related syncope. Circulation, 101(4), 398-402.
Prandota J. (2002). Furosemide: progress in understanding its diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and bronchodilating mechanism of action, and use in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases. American Journal of Therapeutics, 9(4), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1097/00045391-200207000-00009
Sample student response 2
Colchicine
For acute or recurrent pericarditis, a combination of pharmacotherapy is needed, such as colchicine, aspirin, corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapies, corticosteroids, and immunotherapies (Schwier, 2019).
According to McCance et al, (2018) colchicine is anti-inflammatory for acute pericarditis. Colchicine binds to a microtubular protein to lead to its depolymerization. The action disrupts the mobility of neutrophils and decreases movement into inflamed joints. Colchicine binds to mitotic spindles to top cell division. Colchicine can be rapidly absorbed from the GI tract. Hepatic CYO450 3A4 metabolizes colchicine.
Therefore, it goes through hepatic recirculation and exhibits interpatient variability in half-life (McCance et al., 2018). The side effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The adverse effects are alopecia, aplastic anemia, neutropenia, and myopathy. Educate patients that don’t use colchicine during pregnancy and prevent use in patients with renal, cardiovascular and hepatic disease (McCance et al., 2018).
References
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., & Rote, N. S. (2018). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby.
Schwier, N. C. (2019). Pharmacists’ role in the management of acute and recurrent pericarditis: Inpatient and outpatient perspectives. Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 33(6), 838-845. https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190019857404
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