An 18 year old female is being seen in the office for lower abdominal pain and irregular menstrual bleeding. The physician wants to rule out PID and endometriosis. What are the sign and symptoms, and etiology of PID and endometriosis? What diagnostic test would the physician order? The physician also orders a CA125, what is this test used for?

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1. An 18 year old female is being seen in the office for lower abdominal pain and irregular menstrual bleeding. The physician wants to rule out PID and endometriosis. What are the sign and symptoms, and etiology of PID and endometriosis? What diagnostic test would the physician order? The physician also orders a CA125, what is this test used for?
2. A 19 year old male is being see in the office for a red, swollen, and painful left scrotum. What are the risk factors, diagnostic test, treatment, and prevention for epididymis and orchitis? Which STD scares you the most especially if you have teenagers and young adults, why?
3. Identify and discuss the function of hormones of the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary. If a 10 year old patient is in anterior pituitary failure, what would you expect to see?
4. What are the signs and symptoms of thyroid cancer? After a thyroidectomy, what medications will be required from the rest of the patient’s life? What purpose does the parathyroid have? If during the thyroidectomy, the parathyroid glands also removed, what does this mean for the patient?

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Reproductive Health Problems

The reproductive system can be affected by many diseases. One of the diseases is a pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is an infection affecting the female reproductive system. It affects the upper reproductive organs, including the fallopian tube or uterus. Another disease is endometriosis. The disease also affects the female reproductive system. It occurs when the uterus lining grows outside the organ. Epididymitis also and orchitis affect the reproductive organs.

They are male reproductive disorders. Epididymitis causes swelling of the epididymis, while orchitis causes inflammation of the testes. Hormone disorders can also cause medical problems in the reproductive system. For instance, less production of the luteinizing hormone will make the testes produce few sperms. This paper has discussed various reproductive system diseases, hormones produced in the pituitary gland, and thyroid cancer. 

Symptoms and Etiology of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Endometriosis

PID is mostly caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea. The infections are often acquired during unsafe sex. PID can also occur during menstruation, after abortion, miscarriage, or childbirth when the cervix is disturbed (Jennings & Krywko, 2018). Bacteria causing PID can also enter the reproductive system when inserting an IUD. The symptoms of PID include pain during intercourse, pelvis and lower abdominal pain, heavy vaginal discharge, fever, chills, and frequent, difficult, or painful urination.

Endometriosis is caused by surgical scar implantation, retrograde menstruation, embryonic cell transformation, endometrial cell transport, and transformation of the peritoneal cells. The signs of endometriosis include excessive bleeding during the menstrual period, painful periods, infertility, pain with urination or bowel movements, and pain with intercourse (Agarwal et al., 2019).

A physician can order diagnostic tests to rule out PID and endometriosis. The first test the physician can order is laparoscopy. The physician can view the patient’s pelvis using a laparoscope. If the patient has PID, the test will reveal tubercles on the tubes, peritubular adhesions, hydrosalpinx, and small tube-ovarian masses. However, if the patient has endometriosis, the test will show the symptoms of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The test can also show the endometrial implants’ size, location, and extent. The physician can also order a biopsy.

If an endometrial biopsy reveals signs of inflammation and infection, she has PID. A biopsy can also be ordered to further test the extent of endometriosis. A CA 125 test is used to measure the amount of cancer antigen 125, also known as protein CA 125, in a patient’s blood. It is used to identify early signs of ovarian cancer in individuals highly at risk of suffering cancer. A CA 125 test can diagnose people with acute PID (Di Tucci et al., 2018). The authors noted that the test could check for PID in people receiving laparoscopy.  

Epididymitis and Orchitis

Epididymitis can be transmitted sexually or non-sexually. The risk factors of sexually transmitted epididymis include the history of STIs, having unprotected sex, and having sex with a person with STI. The risk factors of non-sexually transmitted epididymis include the history of UTIs or prostrate infections, medical procedures in the reproductive system, anatomical abnormality of the urinary tract, uncircumcised penis, and prostate enlargement. The disease can be diagnosed using STI screening, ultrasound, and blood or urine tests.

Louette et al. (2018) argue that epididymis can be treated using antibiotics. If an STI causes the disease, the patient’s partner should be treated. The disease can be prevented by practicing safe sex. It can also be prevented by treating UTIs as soon as possible. Orchitis is the swelling of the testicles. The risk factors of orchitis include having recurrent UTIs, lack of mumps immunization, having surgery in the urinary tract or genitals, and having urinary tract abnormality. 

Having unsafe sex, a history of STI, and having multiple sexual partners are other risk factors of orchitis. For orchitis, the diagnostic tests include urine tests, ultrasound, and STI screening. Bacterial orchitis can be treated using antibiotics (Banyra et al., 2019). Treatment of viral orchitis aims at relieving symptoms. A physician can recommend ibuprofen to help in relieving symptoms of viral orchitis. The disease can be prevented by practicing safe sex and getting immunized against mumps.

HIV is the scariest STI for me, especially among young adults and teenagers. This disease is scary because it makes young adults vulnerable to other medical conditions. For instance, individuals with HIV risk suffering from pneumonia, thrush, herpes zoster, cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus, or tuberculosis. Young people with HIV are less likely to live fulfilling lives. They often face stigmatization when other people know their HIV status. The last reason this STD is scary is that teenagers and young adults with the infection can transmit it to other people through unprotected sex.

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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary

Hormones are chemicals that transport signals or messages to the different body parts through the bloodstream. The anterior pituitary gland produces the following hormones. The first hormone is an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (Song et al., 2019). The function of this hormone is to stimulate the adrenal gland to produce cortisol hormone. Cortisol hormone helps one regulate stress. The second hormone is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the thyroxine hormone. The third hormone is the luteinizing hormone (LH).

The fourth hormone is a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The function of LH and FSH is to control sexual characteristics and reproductive functioning. The hormones also stimulate the production of progesterone and estrogen in the ovaries and sperm and testosterone in the testes. The fifth hormone is prolactin (PRL). This hormone is produced during breastfeeding and pregnancy to stimulate milk production. Another hormone produced in the anterior pituitary is growth hormone (GH). This hormone stimulates repair and growth in children and teenagers.

The last hormone is a melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The hormone suppresses appetite in humans (Mountjoy et al., 2018). The posterior pituitary gland produces only two hormones. They include anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. The hormone affects the retention of water in the kidney to control mineral levels and blood fluid in the body. Oxytocin stimulates the release of breast milk and uterine contractions in birth and pregnancy. Anterior pituitary failure is caused by many factors, including genetic mutations, infectious disease, and traumatic brain injury.

A 10-year-old patient with anterior pituitary failure will show symptoms of abdominal pain, dehydration, weakness, low blood pressure, and weight loss. Children with anterior pituitary failure hardly recover from surgeries or illnesses. A child with anterior pituitary failure would also complain of vision changes, such as loss of peripheral vision or double vision and headaches. Too much growth hormone would lead to enlarged feet and hands and coarsening facial features. I would also see a delay in the growth of the patient.

Thyroid Cancer

The signs of thyroid cancer include difficulty swallowing, a nodule that can be viewed through the patient’s neck, increased hoarseness, pain in the throat and neck, and inflamed lymph nodes around the neck. The hoarseness of a patient with thyroid cancer does not heal after a few weeks of treatment (Deng et al., 2020). The disease also causes a sore throat. Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure where a part of the entire thyroid gland is removed. The potential complications of thyroidectomy include bleeding, obstruction of airways due to bleeding, infections, weak or hoarse voice due to nerve damage, and low parathyroid hormone levels.

Alomari et al. (2018) reported that a patient who has undergone thyroidectomy would need to take a pill every day to manage the signs of underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). The pill should contain a thyroid hormone known as levothyroxine. Levothyroxine is used to treat thyroid hormone deficits (Alomari et al., 2018). The drug will replace the hormone usually produced by the removed thyroid gland.

The parathyroid is a small gland found in the endocrine system. The gland’s main function is to control the amount of calcium in a person’s bones and blood (Insogna, 2018). In other words, the gland regulates calcium in the blood and bones. The gland ensures that one’s body has balanced calcium. The parathyroid gland is divided into four, each having distinct roles. The gland also regulates the amount of potassium in the body. If a patient’s parathyroid glands are removed during thyroidectomy, the individual will develop a parathyroid disease known as hyperparathyroidism.

The disease will lead to high blood potassium and calcium in the body. The symptoms of hyperparathyroidism include low vitamin D, abdominal pain, kidney stones, osteoporosis, depression, excessive urination, joint and bone pain, frequent illness with no known cause, loss of appetite, and weakness (Insogna, 2018). Hyperparathyroidism also increases one’s risk of cancer, heart problems, and stroke. Untreated hyperparathyroidism among pregnant women may lead to neonates with low calcium levels.

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Summary

Various diseases have been discussed in this paper. One of the diseases discussed is PID. PID is mostly caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea. The infections are often acquired during unsafe sex. Another disease is endometriosis. Endometriosis is caused by surgical scar implantation, retrograde menstruation, embryonic cell transformation, endometrial cell transport, and transformation of the peritoneal cells. Epididymitis and orchitis have also been discussed in the paper. The main risk factor for the two diseases is having unprotected sex.

The paper has also discussed hormones produced by the pituitary gland. An example of such a hormone is ACTH. The function of this hormone is to stimulate the adrenal gland to produce cortisol hormone. Thyroid cancer has been discussed in the paper. The signs of thyroid cancer include difficulty swallowing, a nodule that can be viewed through the patient’s neck, increased hoarseness, pain in the throat and neck, and inflamed lymph nodes around the neck.

Conclusion

The paper has discussed some of the reproductive system disorders. They include PID, epididymitis, orchitis, and endometriosis. The main risk factor for these diseases is having unprotected sex. The diseases can be prevented by having sex using a condom and ensuring that sexual partners do not have the infections. PID and endometriosis can be diagnosed using laparoscopy. The test will show the physician the patient’s pelvic region status. The paper has found some hormones to be vital in developing reproductive system organs.

For instance, FSH stimulates the production of progesterone and estrogen in the ovaries. The paper found that thyroid cancer causes hoarseness that does not heal. A patient who has undergone thyroidectomy will need to take levothyroxine every day to manage the signs of underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). If a patient’s parathyroid glands are removed during thyroidectomy, the individual will develop a parathyroid disease known as hyperparathyroidism.

References

Agarwal, S. K., Chapron, C., Giudice, L. C., Laufer, M. R., Leyland, N., Missmer, S. A., … & Taylor, H. S. (2019). Clinical diagnosis of endometriosis: a call to action. American Journal Of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 220(4), 354-E1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.12.039

Alomari, M., Vuddanda, P. R., Trenfield, S. J., Dodoo, C. C., Velaga, S., Basit, A. W., & Gaisford, S. (2018). Printing T3 and T4 oral drug combinations as a novel strategy for hypothyroidism. International Journal Of Pharmaceutics, 549(1-2), 363-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.062

Banyra, O., Nikitin, O., & Ventskivska, I. (2019). Acute epididymo-orchitis: relevance of local classification and partner’s follow-up. Central European Journal of Urology, 72(3), 324. https://dx.doi.org/10.5173%2Fceju.2019.1973

Deng, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Li, N., Tian, T., Wu, Y., … & Dai, Z. (2020). Global burden of thyroid cancer from 1990 to 2017. JAMA Network Open, 3(6), e208759-e208759. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8759

Di Tucci, C., Di Mascio, D., Schiavi, M. C., Perniola, G., Muzii, L., & Benedetti Panici, P. (2018). Pelvic inflammatory disease: Possible catches and correct management in young women. Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5831029

Insogna, K. L. (2018). Primary hyperparathyroidism. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(11), 1050-1059. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1714213

Jennings, L. K., & Krywko, D. M. (2018). Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). https://europepmc.org/article/med/29763134

Louette, A., Krahn, J., Caine, V., Ha, S., Lau, T. T., & Singh, A. E. (2018). Treatment of acute epididymitis: a systematic review and discussion of the implications for treatment based on etiology. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 45(12), e104-e108. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000901

Mountjoy, K. G., Caron, A., Hubbard, K., Shome, A., Grey, A. C., Sun, B., … & Elmquist, J. K. (2018). Desacetyl-α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone are required to regulate energy balance. Molecular metabolism, 9, 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2017.11.008

Song, J., Ma, W., Gu, X., Zhao, L., Jiang, J., Xu, Y., … & Yang, L. (2019). Metabolomic signatures and microbial community profiling of depressive rat model induced by adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Journal of Translational Medicine, 17(1), 1-12. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12967-019-1970-8